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This chart can also be used for estimating the hay
requirements for horses and ponies during winter. Even horses in a
paddock with grass may require additional feed with hay or hard feeds as
grasses are not as nutritious in the winter.
Hay bales (regular) weigh approx 25kgs each and tend to
fall into 10 slices\biscuits of approx 2.5kg each when the baling twine is
released. If your horse is stabled it is important to weigh your hay
and hard feeds in order to know accurately how much your horse is eating
as hay bales do vary. This variance can be large - lucerne hay for
instance is often around 1.5-1.8 kg per biscuit.
All about hay >> |
| |
Weight\Volume Table
Do not feed by volume but always feed by weight.
The difference of weight per volume of different feed stuffs is shown in
the table below.
| Feed |
Weight (kg) per 2 litre scoop*
*Ice-cream container |
| Lucerne Chaff |
0.28 |
| Bran |
0.36 |
| Oaten Chaff |
0.40 |
| Oats (whole) |
1.13 |
| Oats (crushed or rolled) |
.92 |
| Soybean Meal |
1.17 |
| Linseed Meal |
1.21 |
| Whole Barley |
1.21 |
| Crushed Maize |
1.49 |
| Wheat Pollard |
.86 |
| Rice Pollard |
1 |
| Lupins - whole |
1.54 |
| Whole Rye |
1.40 |
| Commercial Mix examples: |
|
| Fiskens Parole |
1.09 |
| Maintenance Mix |
.85 |
| Coprice Pellets |
1.36 |
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Feed
Components Table
The following table gives you a basic comparison of the
energy levels from different types of feed.
 FEED
|
DE
(Mcal/Kg) |
Crude Protein
% |
Calcium
% |
Phosphorous % |
|
Barley |
3.6 |
10 |
0.04 |
0.31 |
|
Bran |
2.9 |
12 |
0.10 |
0.80 |
|
Grass/Meadow
Hay |
2 |
12 |
1.20 |
0.30 |
|
Lucerne
Chaff/Hay |
2.3 |
16 |
1.40 |
0.32 |
|
Wheat Chaff |
1.91 |
7 |
0.08 |
0.06 |
|
Oaten
Hay/Chaff |
1.80 |
5 |
0.30 |
0.25 |
|
Linseed Meal |
3.4 |
33 |
0.40 |
0.80 |
|
Oats
|
3.09 |
10 |
0.06 |
0.22 |
|
Corn Oil
|
32 |
|
|
|
|
Maize |
3.90 |
10 |
0.04 |
0.30 |
|
Molasses |
3.40 |
8 |
0.88 |
0.06 |
|
Milk Powder |
3.90 |
33 |
1.70 |
1.10 |
|
Soybean Meal |
3.60 |
45 |
0.20 |
0.53 |
|
Sunflower Meal |
2.90 |
40 |
0.40 |
1.00 |
| |
|
|
|
|
*Calcium to Phosphorous ratio of less than 3:1.
Ideal is 1:1> 2:1
DE = Digestible Energy in Megacalories/ Kilogram
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CALCIUM - PHOSPHORUS RATIO OF FOODS
|
|
Ca/P ratio mg/1OO g |
|
apples |
7/10 |
|
Barley |
16/189 |
|
Brewers' yeast |
210/1753 |
|
Bran, rice/wheat |
100/1300 |
|
Buckwheat |
114/282 |
|
Coconut, dried |
26/187 |
|
Corn, dried |
22/268 |
|
Dandelion greens |
187/66 |
|
Grass juice |
150/75 |
|
Soy
beans, dry |
226/554 |
|
Carrots |
37/36 |
|
Kelp, dry |
1200/300 |
|
Millet |
20/311 |
|
Molasses |
684/84 |
|
Oats |
53/405 |
|
Pumpkin seeds |
51/1144 |
|
Rye, wheat |
37/380 |
|
Sunflower seed |
120/837 |
|
Turnips |
39/30 |
|
Wheat germ |
72/1118 |
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Nutrient Requirements of Horses
|
Body Weight |
DE |
Crude Protein |
Calcium |
Phosphorous |
|
kg |
|
grams |
% |
grams |
grams |
|
Mature Horses -
Maintenance Only |
| 200 |
8.20 |
300 |
10 |
8.00 |
6.00 |
| 400 |
13.90 |
505 |
10 |
16.00 |
12.00 |
| 500 |
16.40 |
597 |
10 |
20.00 |
15.00 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mature Horses - Light
Work (less than 6hours per week) |
| 200 |
10.44 |
383 |
10 |
8.00 |
6.00 |
| 400 |
18.36 |
672 |
10 |
16.00 |
12.00 |
| 500 |
21.89 |
803 |
10 |
20.00 |
15.00 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mature Horses - Med/hard work |
| 200 |
13.16 |
483 |
10 |
9.20 |
7.00 |
| 400 |
23.80 |
871 |
10 |
17.2 |
13.00 |
| 500 |
28.69 |
1047 |
10 |
21.20 |
19.00 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
DE = Digestible Energy
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Trace Mineral Levels Required,
Toxic Levels, and Levels Found in Feedstuffs
|
| |
|
|
Normal Range Found in Feed |
|
Mineral |
Required |
Toxic |
Roughages |
Grain |
| Potassium, % |
0.4
|
|
1.5 - 2.5
|
0.3 - 0.05
|
| Magnesium, % |
0.09
|
|
0.15 - 0.6
|
0.1 - 0.02
|
| Sulphur, % |
0.15
|
|
0.15 - 0.5
|
0.15 - 0.4
|
| Iron, ppm |
50
|
|
150 - 400
|
30 - 90
|
| Zinc, ppm |
40 -60
|
200
|
17 - 22
|
17 - 50
|
| Manganese, ppm |
40
|
|
25 - 190
|
6 - 45
|
| Copper, ppm |
20-30
|
|
5 - 25
|
4 - 9
|
| Cobalt, ppm |
0.1
|
|
|
|
| Selenium, ppm |
0.1
|
5.0
|
|
|
| Iodine, ppm |
0.1
|
4.8
|
|
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Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphate
levels of calcium in one kg of commonly fed hays and
chaff
Lucerne: Hay/Chaff 10 - 13 g
Clover: Fresh 2 - 5 g Hay 11 - 12 g
Ryegrass : fresh 1 - 6 g Hay 5 - 6 g
Approximate weight of commonly fed amounts of these feeds Lucerne Hay 1
Biscuit 1.5 - 2 kg Clover hay 1 biscuit 1.5 kg Clover and Rye 30% clover
1.5 kg Lucerne Chaff 1 dipper 0.4 kg
If we assume you feed your 500 kg horse 2 biscuits of lucerne hay, and 1
dipper of lucerne chaff per day you will be providing your horse with
approximately 38 g of calcium. In a 500 kg horse requiring approximately
20 gram of calcium per day (NRC recommendations), this is way over their
requirement. If you add to this the calcium contained in the concentrate
portion of your horses' diet, and the clover in the pasture you will find
the calcium provision is very high, making your dolomite addition
unnecessary.
Most commercial concentrate horse feeds provide a good level of calcium,
thus if you feed commercial rations plus lucerne or clover it is highly
unlikely you need to supplement. Save your money and enhance your horses'
health and throw that dolomite onto your pasture.
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Analysis of Common Feed
Supplements
Kelp Meal (Ground and dried)
Kelp (seaweed) is promoted as an excellent balanced mineral and
vitamin supplement which generally includes around 60 minerals in a
chelated (easily used) form. It is a good natural source of Iodine and
also includes Biotin, Vitamin E & Selenium and vitamin B12 to provide a
broad base of your horses requirements. It is also used for putting
extra shine in horses coats but can cause it to darken. Usually fed
to horses at around 2 ounces\ 60gms per day. However, you should be
carefule with kelp.
Most kelp contains high levels of Iodine and
only trace amounts of other minerals. Overdosing your horse with
kelp can cause hyperthyroidism - increased metabolism that leads to weight
loss. In addition it can block the intake of other minerals.
|
Typical
Analysis |
Minerals |
| Moisture |
8-10% |
Aluminum |
20-100 ppm |
| Protein |
6.00% |
Arsenic |
<3 ppm |
| Fat |
3.10% |
Boron |
80-100 ppm |
| Fibre |
5.89% |
Barium |
15-50 ppm |
| Ash
(Minerals) |
24.66% |
Beryllium |
<1 ppm |
|
Carbohydrates |
51.81% |
Calcium |
1.0-3.0% |
| |
|
Cadmium |
<1 ppm |
| |
|
Chlorine |
1.0-3.0% |
|
Amino Acid Content |
Cobalt |
1-10 ppm |
| Alanine |
4.88 |
Chromium |
<1 ppm |
| Arginine |
9.45 |
Copper |
4-15 ppm |
| Aspartic
Acid |
5.45 |
Iron |
0.015-0.10% |
| Cysteine |
7.02 |
Iodine |
0.05-0.08% |
| Glycine |
5.95 |
Potassium |
2.0-3.0% |
| Glutamic
Acid |
11.61 |
Magnesium |
0.5-1.0% |
| Histine |
1.03 |
Manganese |
0.-5 ppm |
| Isoluecine* |
2.79 |
Molybdenum |
<1 ppm |
| Luecine* |
4.79 |
Nitrogen |
0.6-2.0% |
| Lysine* |
10.86 |
Sodium |
2.4-4.0% |
| Methionin* |
1.83 |
Nickel |
1-5 ppm |
|
Phenylelanine* |
3.00 |
Phosphorus |
0.1-0.2% |
| Proline* |
4.36 |
Lead |
<1 ppm |
| Serine |
2.23 |
Sulphur |
2.0-2.3% |
| Threonine* |
4.86 |
Selenium |
3-4 ppm |
| Tryotophan* |
1.25 |
Tin |
<10 ppm |
| Tryosine |
2.47 |
Strontium |
100-200 ppm |
| Valine* |
3.03 |
Titanium |
3-6 ppm |
|
Hydroxyproline |
0.17 |
Vanadium |
2-5 ppm |
| |
|
Zinc |
35-100 ppm |
| *Essential
Amino Acid |
|
|
|
| |
|
Vitamins |
| |
|
Biotin |
0.1-0.4 ppm |
| |
|
Carotene |
30-60 ppm |
| |
|
Folic Acid |
0.1-0.5 ppm |
| |
|
Folinic
Acid |
0.1-0.5 ppm |
| |
|
Niacin |
10-30 ppm |
| |
|
Riboflavin |
5-10 ppm |
| |
|
Thiamin |
1-5 ppm |
| |
|
Vitamin E |
150-300 ppm |
| |
|
Vitamin B12 |
<0.004 ppm |
| |
|
Vitamin C |
100-2000 ppm |
| |
|
Vitamin K |
<10 ppm |
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Dolomite
Dolomite is a mixture of calcium and magnesium.
Magnesium is present in adequate amounts in normal horse feeds and
pasture, as such you should question the need for its addition to the diet.
Excess magnesium blocks the uptake of calcium, so in many
cases, the calcium in dolomite cannot be utilised by the horse due to the
presence of excess magnesium.
If you must supplement, di-calcium phosphate will provide both calcium and phosphorous
which work together in absorption of both minerals and in bone and
muscular health. (Calcium and phosphorous are required in equine diets at
a ratio of not less than 1.5:1, there is no known ratio between calcium
and magnesium)
Excess calcium supplementation can cause excessive thirst, over excretion
of phosphorous, resulting in a negative effect on bone density, kidney
stones, manganese deficiency, magnesium deficiency and can also reduce the
bodily stores of copper, iron and zinc. Thus think twice before providing
any calcium supplementation to a horse that is not in late pregnancy or
lactating.
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